Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in M phase by acting as a regulator of mitosis entry and maintenance. Acts by promoting the inactivation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) during M phase: does not directly inhibit PP2A but acts by mediating phosphorylation and subsequent activation of ARPP19 and ENSA at 'Ser-62' and 'Ser-67', respectively. ARPP19 and ENSA are phosphatase inhibitors that specifically inhibit the PPP2R2D (PR55-delta) subunit of PP2A. Inactivation of PP2A during M phase is essential to keep cyclin-B1-CDK1 activity high. Following DNA damage, it is also involved in checkpoint recovery by being inhibited. Phosphorylates histone protein in vitro; however such activity is unsure in vivo. May be involved in megakaryocyte differentiation.
Background References
1. Gall-Duncan T et al. Antagonistic roles of canonical and Alternative-RPA in disease-associated tandem CAG repeat instability. Cell. 2023 Oct.
2. Yang J et al. Sequential genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify genes regulating cell-surface expression of tetraspanins. Cell Rep. 2023 Feb.
Subcellular Location
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, microtubule organizing center, centrosome, Nucleus, Cleavage furrow.
Western blot analysis of GWL on different lysates with Rabbit anti-GWL antibody (HA722884) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HeLa cell lysate Lane 2: LNCaP cell lysate Lane 3: HepG2 cell lysate Lane 4: MDA-MB-231 cell lysate Lane 5: COS-1 cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 97 kDa Observed band size: 110 kDa
Exposure time: 59 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA722884) at 1/2,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of HeLa cells labeling GWL with Rabbit anti-GWL antibody (HA722884) at 1/50 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-GWL antibody (HA722884) at 1/50 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/50 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
GWL was immunoprecipitated from 0.2 mg HeLa cell lysate with HA722884 at 2 µg/10 µl beads. Western blot was performed from the immunoprecipitate using HA722884 at 1/1,000 dilution. Anti-Rabbit IgG for IP, AlpSdAbs® VHH(HRP) (025-100-005) at 1/5,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Lane 1: HeLa cell lysate (input) Lane 2: HA722884 IP in HeLa cell lysate Lane 3: Rabbit IgG instead of HA722884 in HeLa cell lysate