This gene is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the growth inhibitory protein hamartin. The encoded protein interacts with and stabilizes the GTPase activating protein tuberin. This hamartin-tuberin complex negatively regulates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling which is a major regulator of anabolic cell growth. This protein also functions as a co-chaperone for Hsp90 that inhibits its ATPase activity. This protein functions as a facilitator of Hsp90-mediated folding of kinase and non-kinase clients, including Tsc2 and thereby preventing their ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with tuberous sclerosis.
Background References
1. Volovelsky O. et. al. Hamartin regulates cessation of mouse nephrogenesis independently of Mtor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jun
Western blot analysis of Hamartin on 293T (Human embryonic kidney cell) cell lysate with Rabbit anti-Hamartin antibody (HA500199) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane. Exposure time: 62 seconds; ECL: K1801
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: HA500199, 1/2,000 in primary antibody dilution buffer (K1803), 2 hours at room temperature Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP (HA1006), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 130 kDa Observed band size: 130 kDa
Western blot analysis of Hamartin on Hela cell lysates with Rabbit anti-Hamartin antibody (HA500199) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 130 kDa Observed band size: 130 kDa
Exposure time: 2 minutes;
6% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA500199) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1:300,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Western blot analysis of Hamartin on different lysates. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA500199, 1/1,000) was used in 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1:200,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature. Positive control: Lane 1: Mouse pancreas tissue lysate Lane 2: Rat brain tissue lysate
ICC staining of Hamartin in LOVO cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (HA500199, 1/100) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®488 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat heart tissue using anti-Hamartin antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA500199, 1/400) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human fetal skeletal muscle tissue using anti-Hamartin antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA500199, 1/100) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human placenta tissue using anti-Hamartin antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA500199, 1/100) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of SiHa cells labeling Hamartin with Rabbit anti-Hamartin antibody (HA500199) at 1/200 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37 ℃, permeabilized with 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 minutes, and then blocked with 2% negative goat serum for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-Hamartin antibody (HA500199) at 1/200 dilution in 2% negative goat serum overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 488) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/200 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor® 647) were used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
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