CTCF belongs to the zinc finger transcription factor family, and it recognizes unusually long and remarkably divergent DNA target sequences to influence expression of many various genes. The DNA-binding domain of CTCF is composed of 11 Zn fingers including 10 that are of C2H2 class, and 1 that is of C2HC class, and they are highly conserved between vertebrate species. CTCF functions as a repressor of the c-myc gene and as a regulator of lysozyme gene expression. In addition, CTCF associates with the essential activator domain in the promotor region of the amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP) gene to activate transcription of APP. Expression of CTCF up-regulates APP expression and thereby, enhances synapse formations between primary neurons during development. CTCF is ubiquitously expressed and localized to the nucleus. During terminal differentiation, CTCF is negatively regulated by differential phosphorylation and also by decreases in CTCF mRNA and protein expression.
Background References
1. Harr JC et al. Directed targeting of chromatin to the nuclear lamina is mediated by chromatin state and A-type lamins. J Cell Biol 208:33-52 (2015).
2. Shi F et al. The expression of Pax6 variants is subject to posttranscriptional regulation in the developing mouse eyelid. PLoS One 8:e53919 (2013).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the CTCF zinc-finger protein family.
Tissue Specificity
Ubiquitous. Absent in primary spermatocytes.
Post-translational Modification
Sumoylated on Lys-74 and Lys-689; sumoylation of CTCF contributes to the repressive function of CTCF on the MYC P2 promoter.
Western blot analysis of CTCF on different lysates with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HeLa cell lysate Lane 2: 293T cell lysate Lane 3: NIH/3T3 cell lysate Lane 4: C6 cell lysate Lane 5: PC-12 cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 83 kDa Observed band size: 150 kDa
Exposure time: 4 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of HeLa cells labeling CTCF with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/200 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 minutes at 37 ℃, permeabilized with 0.05% Triton X-100 in PBS for 20 minutes, and then blocked with 2% negative goat serum for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/200 dilution in 2% negative goat serum overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/200 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human liver tissue with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/2,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/2,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat colon tissue with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat kidney tissue with Rabbit anti-CTCF antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-90) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Flow cytometric analysis of HeLa cells labeling CTCF.
Cells were fixed and permeabilized. Then stained with the primary antibody (ET1703-90, 1ug/ml) (red) compared with Rabbit IgG Isotype Control (green). After incubation of the primary antibody at +4℃ for an hour, the cells were stained with a iFluor™ 488 conjugate-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary antibody (HA1121) at 1/1,000 dilution for 30 minutes at +4℃. Unlabelled sample was used as a control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black).
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