The spectrin gene family encodes a diverse group of cytoskeletal proteins that include spectrins, dystrophins and α-actinins. There are four tissue-specific α-actinins, namely α-actinin-1, α-actinin-2, α-actinin-3 and α-actinin-4, which are localized to muscle and non-muscle cells, including skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, as well as within the cytoskeleton. Each α-actinin protein contains one Actin-binding domain, two calponin-homology domains, two EF-hand domains and four spectrin repeats, through which they function as bundling proteins that can cross-link F-Actin, thus anchoring Actin to a variety of intracellular structures. Defects in the gene encoding α-actinin-4 are the cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 1 (FSGS1), a common renal lesion characterized by decreasing kidney function and, ultimately, renal failure.
Background References
1. Cowan DB et al. Intracoronary Delivery of Mitochondria to the Ischemic Heart for Cardioprotection. PLoS One 11:e0160889 (2016).
2. Chiou KK et al. Mechanical signaling coordinates the embryonic heartbeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:8939-44 (2016).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the alpha-actinin family.
Tissue Specificity
Expressed in both skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Post-translational Modification
Ubiquitinated by FBXL22, leading to proteasomal degradation.
Western blot analysis of Alpha Actinin 2 on different lysates with Rabbit anti-Alpha Actinin 2 antibody (ET1702-30) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: Mouse skeletal muscle tissue lysate Lane 2: Mouse heart tissue lysate Lane 3: Rat heart tissue lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg/Lane. Exposure time: 10 seconds; ECL: K1801
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: ET1702-30, 1/1,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, overnight at 4 ℃ Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP (HA1001), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 104 kDa Observed band size: 104 kDa
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat skeletal muscle tissue using anti-Alpha Actinin 2 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-30, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat heart tissue using anti-Alpha Actinin 2 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-30, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse skeletal muscle tissue using anti-Alpha Actinin 2 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-30, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse heart tissue using anti-Alpha Actinin 2 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-30, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
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