Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATF1 gene. This gene encodes an activating transcription factor, which belongs to the ATF subfamily and bZIP (basic-region leucine zipper) family. It influences cellular physiologic processes by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, which are related to growth, survival, and other cellular activities. This protein is phosphorylated at serine 63 in its kinase-inducible domain by serine/threonine kinases, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I/II, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (cdk-3). Its phosphorylation enhances its transactivation and transcriptional activities, and enhances cell transformation.
Background References
1. Rodriguez P., et al. 2016. cAMP-Induced Histones H3 Dephosphorylation Is Independent of PKA and MAP Kinase Activations and Correlates With mTOR Inactivation. J. Cell. Biochem. 117:741-750.
2. Yang S., et al. 2015. The human ATF1 rs11169571 polymorphism increases essential hypertension risk through modifying miRNA binding. FEBS Lett. 589:2087-2093.
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily.
Post-translational Modification
Phosphorylated at Ser-198 by HIPK2 in response to genotoxic stress. This phosphorylation promotes transcription repression of FTH1 and other antioxidant detoxification genes. The CDK3-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-63 promotes its transactivation and transcriptional activities. Phosphorylated at Ser-63 by RPS6KA4 and RPS6KA5 in response to mitogenic or stress stimuli.
Western blot analysis of ATF1 on different lysates with Rabbit anti-ATF1 antibody (ET1701-30) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Lane 1: A549-WT cell lysate Lane 2: A549-KD ATF1 cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 29 kDa Observed band size: 35 kDa
Exposure time: 2 minutes; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1701-30) at 1/2,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
ICC staining ATF1 in HUVEC cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.
ICC staining ATF1 in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung cancer tissue using anti-ATF1 antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using anti-ATF1 antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
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