Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARAF gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Compared to the other members of this family (Raf-1 and B-Raf), very little is known about A-Raf. It seems to share many of the properties of the other isoforms, but its biological functions are not as thoroughly researched. All three Raf proteins are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. There are several ways A-Raf is different from the other Raf kinases. A-Raf is the only steroid hormone-regulated Raf isoform. In addition, the A-Raf protein has amino acid substitutions in a negatively charged region upstream of the kinase domain (N-region). This could be responsible for its low basal activity.
Background References
1. K hler, M. et al. 2016. Activation loop phosphorylation regulates B-Raf in vivo and transformation by B-Raf mutants. The EMBO journal. 35: 143-61.
2. Jiao, Q. et al. 2014. Xanthoceraside induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the activation of caspases and the suppression of the IGF-1R/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Journal of medicinal food. 17: 1070-8.
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. RAF subfamily.
Western blot analysis of A-RAF on different lysates with Rabbit anti-A-RAF antibody (ET1701-18) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: A549-WT cell lysate Lane 2: A549-KD A-RAF cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 68 kDa Observed band size: 68 kDa
Exposure time: 3 minutes; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1701-18) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 2% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Western blot analysis of A-RAF on HeLa (Human cervical adenocarcinoma cell) cell lysate with Rabbit anti-A-RAF antibody (ET1701-18) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: ET1701-18, 1/2,000 in primary antibody dilution buffer (K1803), overnight at 4 ℃ Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP (HA1001), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 68 kDa Observed band size: 68 kDa
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue using anti-A-RAF antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1701-18, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using anti-A-RAF antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1701-18, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Application: Flow Cytometry (Intra)
Species: Human Sample: HeLa (Human cervix adenocarcinoma epithelial cell)
Fixation: 4% Paraformaldehyde, 15 minutes at room temperature. Permeabilization: 0.1% Tween-20, 15 minutes at room temperature. Blocking: 1% BSA + 10% normal goat serum, 15 minutes at room temperature. Antibody dilution buffer: 1x PBS.
Primary antibody: ET1701-18(1/100, Red) compared with Rabbit IgG Isotype Control (HA722127, Green), 15 minutes at room temperature. Secondary antibody: Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (iFluor™ 488, HA1121), 15 minutes at room temperature.
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