Placental growth factor (PlGF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF gene. Placental growth factor is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family - a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis. The main source of PlGF during pregnancy is the placental trophoblast. PGF is also expressed in many other tissues, including the villous trophoblast. The placental growth factor gene (PGF) is a protein-coding gene and a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. PGF is expressed only in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and the placenta. PGF is ultimately associated with angiogenesis. Specifically, PGF plays a role in trophoblast growth and differentiation. Trophoblast cells, specifically extravillous trophoblast cells, are responsible for invading the uterine wall and the maternal spiral arteries. The extravillous trophoblast cells produce a blood vessel of larger diameter for the developing fetus that is independent of maternal vasoconstriction. This is essential for increased blood flow and reduced resistance. Proper development of blood vessels in the placenta is crucial for the higher blood requirement of the fetus later in pregnancy. Under normal physiologic conditions, PGF is also expressed at a low level in other organs including the heart, lung, thyroid, and skeletal muscle.
Background References
1. Rolny C et al. HRG inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by inducing macrophage polarization and vessel normalization through downregulation of PlGF. Cancer Cell 19:31-44 (2011).
2. Park J E et al. Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1/KDR. J Biol Chem 269:25646-25654 (1994).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family.
Tissue Specificity
While the three isoforms are present in most placental tissues, PlGF-2 is specific to early (8 week) placenta and only PlGF-1 is found in the colon and mammary carcinomas.
Western blot analysis of PLGF on JAR (Human placental choriocarcinoma cell) cell lysate with Rabbit anti-PLGF antibody (EM1701-90) at 1/500 dilution.
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane. Exposure time: 10 seconds; ECL: K1801
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: EM1701-90, 1/500 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 2 hours at room temperature Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Mouse IgG-HRP (HA1006), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 25 kDa Observed band size: 25 kDa
ICC staining PLGF (green) in HepG2 cells. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.
ICC staining PLGF (green) in LOVO cells. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat kidney tissue using anti-PLGF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue using anti-PLGF antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.
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